
Tending to Ending (forty)
Even with all of my writing and thinking about end-of-life matters, it is not easy for me to open a conversation with family members about death, mine or theirs. With friends, it’s easier, but interestingly, our conversation often turns to how difficult it is to have these conversations with family!
This week, I had the opportunity to visit via Zoom with someone who has far more experience with end-of-life conversations and who knows firsthand how important they can be. Norm Shrumm has devoted many years to hospice work and is currently Chaplain for St. Luke’s Hospice in Boise, Idaho.
Asking for Help
Many find it difficult to discuss end-of-life matters until a parent is already in a serious medical situation. By that point, it’s often the medical staff driving the conversation. Do you have anything to help us begin earlier, before there is a health crisis?
I think people are nervous for a variety of reasons. For one, there is grief in opening this conversation. Also people may fear that they will somehow get it wrong. One thing to know is that the elderly also feel the awkwardness about talking to their loved ones. As we approach the conversation, I think it helps to assume everyone is uncomfortable. Because everyone wants to protect everyone else.
The framework that has been useful for me with my dad that I offer to others is to ask one’s parents for help. We often say that we don’t want to be a burden to other people. And so, I would say to my dad: In the normal course of events, at some point I’m going to be in the position of having to make decisions for you. What would make this much less of a burden for me is if I had some idea of what you would want.
So, I’m the one who is asking—not, how can I help you—but, would you please help me because it is likely that I will be in that circumstance. I think it helps people realize that everyone has a role.
Another thing that can help is to make sure it is a two-way conversation. When I would sit with my dad, I would ask him want he wanted, and then I would also say, let me tell you what I would want.
One tool my family and I used that I would suggest for anyone who wants help with this conversation comes from a nonprofit organization called Five Wishes. They offer resources including the language of a living will, naming healthcare decision makers, and also questions that lead to discussions about values and priorities at end-of-life.
I brought copies of the handbook up to Seattle, where the rest of my family lives, and we set aside a couple days to page through it together. In this way, it wasn’t only about my parents. My siblings and I were all middle aged and so it was certainly relevant to us as well as our parents. And of course it happens sometimes that parents unexpectedly end up being the ones to have to make these decisions for their adult children.
That document let us walk through this process together in a way that was very tender. It was an imperfect process, and not everyone even finished. But it didn’t feel grim. It felt very loving, and it brought forth stories and lots of laughter as well as tears.
I would add that during this time where COVID has changed hospital protocols, it is even more important to have these conversations. Right now, the expectation of people gathered around a hospital bed making decisions for someone is not happening. So, all the more reason for people to have a conversation ahead of time. We need to be able to say to each other—I need you to help me with something. Because, to do nothing is not a good option.

Allowing for Natural Death
And can you say more about why doing nothing is not a good option?
One of the questions I ask when people come onto hospice care is, How do you see this going? Help me to help you have the kind of ending you envision.
Most people will say they want to die peacefully at home and to be kept comfortable. But if decisions are not made clearly and communicated ahead of time, there is a danger of taking a very different course.
When the EMTs come upon a 98-year-old man who is unconscious with no pulse–unless they have more information–they have no choice but to begin pounding on his chest to try to get him back. This is because the healthcare system is driven by these defaults and driven by people avoiding liability.
One of the positive changes I’ve seen is in the language about how we talk about medical interventions. Rather than having a Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) which to me sounds like I’m saying–I give you permission to abandon me if I’m struggling–the forms are beginning to use the language Allow Natural Death (AND), which seems a far better description of how most of us might want to be cared for in our last moments.
So the question is not, “Do I want to live or want to die?” Choosing CPR is not necessarily a choice to live, but it is a choice to get beat up en route to possibly waking up in ICU on a ventilator. The likelihood of getting someone back to baseline, especially someone elderly, is not good. And so there should probably be an acknowledgment that this question is not choosing between life and death but rather, what kind of treatment they want to experience.
If someone tells me, I want to die in my own home with my loved ones around me. Then, I say, You want an early hospice referral. That way, we can get you home with a team of people around you who are ready to stay the course and won’t intervene and do something that will bring about more difficulty.

Yes, No, Maybe
Sometimes I found the questions on the Advance Directive forms difficult because they seemed so definite. “Do you want to be on life support?,” for instance, seems more complicated at 55 than 98.” I always want to say, “Well it depends.” Can you say something about that?
Yes, first, all of these documents offer an open box that allows for modification. It doesn’t have to only be yes life support or no life support. You can include preferences in an Advance Directive such as, I am only willing to be put on a ventilator if there is a reasonable likelihood of my return to a good quality of life.
Of course, as we get older, what we mean by quality of life keeps changing and we can keep modifying that. I visit people in nursing homes who don’t know their families due to dementia and yet from what I observe, they have a good quality of life. So we have to be careful about being too hard and fast about our judgements.
I have a story from a chaplain I work with. A woman was on life support, and she and her husband had had this conversation ahead of time about what they each wanted. She had told him, she was only willing to be on life support for three days. On that third day, the husband tearfully told the team that by the end of the day, they needed to remove the ventilator because he had promised her that he would follow her wishes.
The doctors let him know they believed there was a chance for her recovery with a couple of more days of support. But he felt it was important to keep his promise. Ultimately the team and the husband decided to reduce the woman’s sedation, which is unpleasant but which also might give her the opportunity to interact. Within a few hours the woman was alert enough that she could answer questions on a white board. Someone asked her, “Do you want to stay on a ventilator for a couple more days? We think it could help.”
She wrote on the whiteboard, “Yes.”
And the husband was beside himself because she had been so adamant. He said, “Honey, what do you mean? You always said, only three days.”
She took back the whiteboard and wrote, “Change in perspective.”
So you can include preferences in your Advance Directive that allow for these changing circumstances.

Keep Talking
It seems to me that these examples point to the importance of continuing the conversation rather than answering the questions and sticking the paperwork in the drawer?
One of the things I asked of my family members during our Five Wishes gathering, was rather than saying no to any life support, would they instead allow for being placed on life support long enough to give time for family to gather. I was the one family member who no longer lived in the Seattle area, and I wanted the opportunity to be present if I could. At that time, my parents were in their eighties and my mom was already experiencing heart and kidney problems and needed dialysis.
About a year after that gathering, I visited my parents again and this time my mom looked even more frail. As I kissed her goodbye, I said into her ear, “Mom, I know a year or so ago I asked that people in the family be willing to be on life support until I get here. But, the fact that I live a half days journey away is on me. That is not your problem.”
I thought she would answer, Oh honey. That’s ok. I’ll still do it. But that’s not what she said. Instead she kissed me, and she said, “We have had a wonderful life.”
So, these ongoing conversations really invite us to complete our relationships while we can.

Understanding Surrogacy
Can you say something about selecting a health surrogate and maybe especially something for those who have family members who have lost cognitive capacity due to Alzheimer’s or serious dementia? For me it felt more complicated because my mom could converse but not necessarily understand the context of her situation or her choices.
For a variety of reasons, naming a health surrogate, which may also be called a health agent or a medical power of attorney, is even more important than the paperwork. To have someone show up to talk with the medical team who knows your mind and who understands your wishes is a much stronger support to the team than a piece of paper. Medical professionals are more likely to follow the directions of a health agent than words on a piece of paper, and in fact, they will listen to them over the paperwork.
And it’s important to talk to that person about the decision. Some people who you might be inclined to select—maybe a sibling or a spouse—might say, “I could never take you off life support.” Stranger things have happened in the hospital. So it is important that the people around you and especially the people you select as healthcare decision makers understand your priorities.
And to the point you bring up about dementia like in the case of your mom, it can help to remind ourselves what that role of health surrogate entails. You are being asked to make decisions on a pretty high level emotionally and ethically. There isn’t any trickery there. I think that is what we sign on for: In the event I cannot make decisions for myself because I’m unconscious or because I no longer understand the complexity of the situation or its implications—my health surrogate will make those decisions.
I don’t argue against the guilt because I don’t think that helps. We have guilt because we are in moral distress and there is ambiguity. It is not a slam dunk decision. So, we just need to do this alongside of the guilt.
And what you are being asked to do is to draw on all your love for this person to make the decision on behalf of this person that she is unable to make. You landed in this role for this very reason. And so the moral weight of deciding on her behalf what would be the best death—remembering there is no option available to not have a death—rests with you. You’re being asked to clear the path towards the gentlest death, a soft landing.
So, coming back around to that original question that we started with saying: Will you please help me because I may be in a situation to have to make decisions when you cannot, and I would rather have that information. That way, when the time comes, I won’t be making decisions about removing life support. Instead, I can be with you, sharing those last days with you and helping you towards that soft landing.

More Resources
Thank you to Norm Shrumm for sharing his time, experience, and wisdom. Here are a few resources he recommends for those who want to learn more.
Dying Well: Peace and Possibilities at the End of Life, by Ira Byock, M.D. A palliative care and hospice physician shares his own insights with an aim at helping people experience less trauma and more peace at the end of life. Published in 1997, this book begins with an emotional and insightful account of Byock’s experiences during the death of his father. He is also the author of The Four Things that Matter Most and The Best Possible Care.
The Five Wishes website includes handbooks with guidance on a broad range of end-of-life issues and includes guidance towards finding information specific to your state.
For those who live in Idaho, the website Honoring Choices Idaho offers a number of templates and guides you might find useful.
If you would like to subscribe to Tending to Endings, please leave your name and email below. It is cost free and ad-free and I will not share your email. Tending to Endings aims to build community and conversation around end-of-life matters. If you don’t see a comment box below, you can get to the comments at the end of the post here. You may also reach me at laura@laurastavoe.com. Thank you for your interest!